Machine learning aids in discovery of sperm whale ‘alphabet’.

 **Unlocking the Sperm Whale Alphabet: A Breakthrough in Cetacean Communication**

**Introduction to the Study**

Researchers at MIT CSAIL and Project CETI have made a remarkable discovery in the realm of marine biology and communication. Using cutting-edge machine learning technologies, they have delved into the intricate world of sperm whale vocalizations, uncovering what they believe to be a form of cetacean "alphabet."

**Understanding Sperm Whale Codas**

Sperm whales are known for their complex vocalizations, particularly their codas, which are series of clicks serving various linguistic purposes. The study, titled “Contextual and Combinatorial Structure in Sperm Whale Vocalizations,” sheds light on the nuanced structure of these codas, revealing a new layer of understanding in cetacean communication.

**Key Findings**

Director of CSAIL, Daniela Rus, explains that their research has revealed previously unrecognized variation in coda structure. Rather than arbitrary sequences, codas form a sophisticated combinatory coding system, indicating intentional communication among sperm whales beyond what was previously understood.

**Pioneering Work of Roger Payne**

The study builds upon the legacy of Roger Payne, a renowned marine biologist whose groundbreaking work on humpback whale songs inspired a deeper exploration of cetacean communication. Payne's influence motivated researchers to leverage advanced technologies to gain a comprehensive understanding of whale vocalizations.

**Machine Learning Unlocks Insights**

Utilizing machine learning solutions, the teams analyzed a substantial dataset of 8,719 sperm whale codas collected off the coast of Dominica by researcher Shane Gero. This approach allowed for the identification of patterns, nuances, and underlying structures within the vocalizations that were previously unknown.

**Implications and Future Research**

The discovery of a potential sperm whale "alphabet" opens doors to further study on the information-carrying capacity of these codas. Understanding the intricacies of cetacean communication not only enhances our knowledge of marine life but also highlights the importance of conservation efforts to protect these intelligent and communicative creatures.


The collaborative efforts of researchers, advanced technologies, and a dedication to unraveling the mysteries of the ocean have led to a significant breakthrough in our understanding of sperm whale communication. This study marks a crucial step forward in marine biology and sets the stage for future discoveries in the fascinating world of cetaceans.

**Unlocking the Sperm Whale Phonetic Alphabet: A Paradigm Shift in Cetacean Communication**

**Introduction to the Breakthrough**

The recent research by MIT CSAIL and Project CETI has unveiled a groundbreaking discovery in the realm of marine biology and communication. Their innovative approach has shifted the focus from individual whale codas to studying these sounds within the context of whale exchanges, leading to the identification of what they term as a "sperm whale phonetic alphabet."

**Methodology and Analysis**

Unlike traditional analyses that examined individual codas, the team's method delved into the contextual details of whale vocalizations, employing music terminology such as tempo, rhythm, ornamentation, and rubato. This holistic approach provided a richer understanding of how these sounds function within the broader context of whale communication.

**Phonetic Alphabet and Linguistic Concept**

The identified sperm whale phonetic alphabet represents a systematic way to explain the variability in coda structure. According to CSAIL director Daniela Rus, this discovery may exemplify the linguistic concept of duality of patterning, where individually meaningless elements combine to form larger, meaningful units akin to syllables forming words in human language.

**Complex Combinatorial Communication System**

The research demonstrates that sperm whale vocalizations constitute a complex combinatorial communication system. By analyzing combinations of rhythm, tempo, rubato, and ornamentation features, the seemingly arbitrary inventory of coda types can be decoded to reveal nuanced meanings and messages within whale exchanges.

**Implications and Future Research**

While this breakthrough is significant, there is still much work to be done. The focus initially remains on sperm whales due to the extensive dataset available and the discrete nature of their communication system. However, the potential to expand this research to other species like humpback whales opens doors to further understanding the intricacies of cetacean communication.

**Conclusion**

The discovery of the sperm whale phonetic alphabet represents a paradigm shift in how we perceive and analyze whale vocalizations. It underscores the complexity and sophistication of communication systems in non-human species, challenging the notion that such systems are uniquely human. This research not only contributes to our understanding of marine life but also highlights the interconnectedness and diversity of communication strategies across different species.

LIONEL MESSI:The Star Of a Genration|Example of Commitment| Hardworking. Follow Dream.

Lionel Messi

 **Early Life and Rise to Fame**

Lionel Messi, born on June 24, 1987, in Rosario, Argentina, showed exceptional talent in football from a young age. He began his football journey with the youth team of Newell’s Old Boys in 1995, where his skills quickly attracted attention from top clubs worldwide.

**Move to Barcelona and Breakthrough**

At the age of 13, Messi and his family relocated to Barcelona, Spain, where he joined FC Barcelona’s youth teams. His remarkable performances earned him a debut with FC Barcelona at just 16 years old in a friendly match. In the 2004–05 season, Messi became the youngest player and goal scorer in Spain’s La Liga, showcasing his exceptional abilities on the field.

**Rapid Progress and Achievements**

Messi's career saw rapid progress, with him becoming one of the most dominant players globally by 2008. He played a pivotal role in FC Barcelona's successes, including winning multiple La Liga championships, Copa del Rey titles, and the prestigious Champions League.

**Record-breaking Performances**

Throughout his career, Messi set numerous records, including becoming Barcelona's all-time leading scorer in La Liga by netting his 233rd goal at just 24 years old. His goal-scoring prowess, technical skills, and playmaking abilities led to several Ballon d’Or awards, recognizing him as the world’s top male player on multiple occasions.

**International Success and Transfers**

In addition to his club achievements, Messi played a crucial role in Argentina's triumph at the FIFA World Cup in 2022. After a legendary tenure at Barcelona, financial constraints led to his departure, and he signed with Paris St.-Germain (PSG) before joining Inter Miami of Major League Soccer in 2023.

**Legacy and Impact**

Lionel Messi's legacy extends beyond his on-field brilliance. He inspired generations of footballers with his style, determination, and commitment to excellence, leaving an indelible mark on the sport's history.

**Antonela Roccuzzo: Messi's Childhood Sweetheart**

Antonela Roccuzzo holds a special place in Lionel Messi's life as his wife and childhood sweetheart.

**Early Connection**

Antonela, hailing from Rosario, Argentina, had a fateful encounter with Messi when they were just 5 years old. Their connection stemmed from Messi's friendship with Antonela's cousin, Lucas Scaglia, which blossomed into a childhood romance.

**Education and Career**

Despite her deep connection with Messi, Antonela pursued her education at the University of Rosario with the goal of becoming a dentist. However, she has also ventured into modeling and has endorsed various brands and products, showcasing her versatility and business acumen.

**Business Ventures**

Antonela is not just a model but also a successful businesswoman. She has partnered with Ricky Sarkany and Sofia Balbi, Luis Suarez's wife, in various business ventures, highlighting her entrepreneurial spirit and collaborative mindset.

**Family Life with Messi**

Married for over three years and together for more than a decade, Antonela and Messi share a beautiful family life. They are proud parents to three sons, Thiago, Mateo, and Ciro, who bring joy and meaning to their lives.

**Influence on Messi**

Leo Messi has openly shared how his children have shaped his perspective on life, fostering personal growth and a deeper appreciation for family values. The bond between Antonela and Messi extends beyond their romantic relationship, showcasing a strong partnership and mutual support in their personal and professional endeavors.

**Public Presence**

The Messi-Roccuzzo family often shares glimpses of their life on social media, delighting fans with adorable family moments and showcasing the bond between the couple and their children. Messi's fans eagerly anticipate seeing how the Messi-Roccuzzo legacy unfolds, especially regarding which of their sons might follow in their father's legendary soccer footsteps.

**International Stardom and Achievements**

Lionel Messi's impact extended beyond club football to the international stage, where he played a pivotal role for Argentina in various tournaments.

**Early International Success**

Messi's international career began in 2005, and he quickly became a key member of Argentina's national teams. His achievements included winning the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship and clinching the gold medal at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, where he showcased his talent with two goals.

**World Cup Performances**

At the FIFA World Cup, Messi played a crucial role in Argentina's journey. In 2010, he helped the team reach the quarterfinals, and in 2014, his remarkable performances led Argentina to the World Cup final for the first time in 24 years. Despite the team's loss in the final, Messi received the Golden Ball award as the tournament's best player.

**Copa América Success and Return**

Messi's contributions continued in the Copa América tournaments, where he broke scoring records and led Argentina to the finals. Despite some setbacks, including a short-lived retirement, Messi returned to the national team and played a pivotal role in their victories, including winning the Copa América in 2021.

**2022 World Cup Triumph**

Team captain Lionel Messi (holding trophy) and other members of Argentina's national team after winning the 2022 Men's World Cup.

In the 2022 World Cup, Messi's brilliance shone once again as he guided Argentina to the finals. His exceptional performance, including scoring crucial goals and leading the team, earned him the Golden Ball award for the second time, making history as the first male player to achieve this feat.

**Off-field Ventures and Legal Issues**

Beyond football, Messi's influence extended to endorsements and business ventures, notably with Adidas. However, he faced legal challenges, including tax fraud allegations in 2013. Despite legal proceedings, Messi continued to excel both on and off the field, cementing his status as one of the world's biggest sporting icons.

TikTok's owner afford to lose its killer app?| TikTok sues to block US law that could ban app.

 **The TikTok Dilemma: Balancing Business, Politics, and Privacy**:

The US is TikTok's largest market, with its 170m users accounting for about 17% of its global users.

**TikTok's Legal Battle**:

TikTok, the wildly popular social media app, finds itself at the center of a legal battle as it strives to prevent a ban in the United States. The core issue revolves around its parent company, ByteDance, a Chinese firm that Congress fears could compromise American data security.

**Data Security Concerns**:

The fear of sensitive American data falling into Chinese hands has spurred Congressional actions aimed at separating TikTok from ByteDance. However, TikTok has vehemently denied being a conduit for Chinese interests, asserting that ByteDance operates independently of governmental influence.

**Popularity and Influence**:

TikTok's immense success in the US, boasting a staggering 170 million users monthly, has transformed it into a significant cultural and news-sharing platform. Its appeal among teenagers, who constitute a substantial portion of its user base, underscores its pervasive influence in American society.

**Legal Response**:

In response to the looming ban threats, TikTok has taken legal action, challenging the attempted ban as a severe infringement on free speech rights. The company emphasizes its millions of American users and their right to access the platform without undue government interference.

**Challenges Ahead**:

Enforcing a complete ban on TikTok poses practical challenges, given its massive user base and the platform's integration into daily life for many Americans. On the other hand, pushing ByteDance to divest TikTok's US operations faces its own set of hurdles, including potential opposition from Beijing and the complex logistics of a sale.

**The $100 Billion Question**:

Speculation swirls around the potential value of TikTok's US operations, with estimates reaching up to $100 billion. The question remains: who will step forward to acquire TikTok's US arm amidst geopolitical tensions and regulatory uncertainties?

The intersection of business, politics, and privacy rights underscores the complexity of TikTok's predicament. As the legal battle unfolds, the outcome will not only impact TikTok's future but also shape broader discussions on data security, corporate governance, and international relations in the digital age.

**ByteDance's Dilemma: To Sell or Not to Sell TikTok**:

Some believe a ban will spark public outcry, especially in an election year

**ByteDance's Ascendancy**:

ByteDance, founded in 2012 by Chinese entrepreneurs, skyrocketed to fame with the success of its short video app Douyin in China. Building on this triumph, it launched TikTok globally in 2017, amassing over a billion users in just five years. Despite being banned in China, TikTok became a sensation worldwide.

**Ownership Structure**:

While TikTok is operated by a limited liability company based in Los Angeles and Singapore, it is essentially owned by ByteDance. The company's founders retain a 20% stake, giving them controlling power, while institutional investors, including major US firms, own 60%. Additionally, three out of five board members are American, emphasizing TikTok's global governance.

TikTok boss grilled on CCP ties: ‘I am Singaporean’.

**Geopolitical Tensions**:

The US government's concerns about Chinese influence over ByteDance and TikTok stem from Beijing's increasing control over private entities and data security issues. Allegations of data access for surveillance purposes in Hong Kong have fueled these anxieties, leading to heightened scrutiny and regulatory actions.

**National Security Implications**:

Amidst escalating tensions between the US and China, TikTok's data practices have become a focal point. The US has taken measures to curb Chinese influence in its tech landscape, including bans on communication devices from Chinese companies like Huawei and ZTE. These actions reflect broader concerns about espionage, surveillance, and data protection.

**TikTok's Strategic Moves**:

To address security apprehensions, TikTok has redirected US user data through Oracle servers in Texas since 2022. This move aims to reassure users that their data is safeguarded and not subject to unauthorized access. TikTok's CEO, Shou Zi Chew, has also emphasized the app's independence from Chinese authorities.

**Congressional Mandate**:

Despite reassurances, the US Congress passed a bill in March, mandating ByteDance to divest TikTok to non-Chinese entities within nine months or face a ban in the US. This legislative action underscores the seriousness of national security concerns and the government's determination to mitigate perceived risks.

**Future Prospects**:

As ByteDance navigates this regulatory maze, the fate of TikTok hangs in the balance. Whether ByteDance will accede to the sale demands or contest the decision remains uncertain. The outcome will not only impact TikTok's future but also have implications for international tech governance and geopolitical dynamics.

TikTok's US business is its most lucrative.

**Valuing TikTok: A Tricky Proposition**:

**Financial Estimations**:

As a privately-held entity, TikTok's financial specifics are not publicly disclosed. However, industry reports suggest that its US revenue in 2023 ranged from $16 billion to $20 billion, constituting a significant portion of ByteDance's overall revenue, estimated at 16%.

**Challenges in Valuation**:

Valuing TikTok for a potential sale poses challenges due to political risks and market uncertainties. Experts note that under normal circumstances, TikTok could command a valuation of $100 billion. However, the current geopolitical climate and lack of market liquidity could dampen its valuation during a potential transaction.

**Potential Distress Sale**:

Analysts caution that coercing ByteDance into selling TikTok may not yield favorable outcomes. Rather than compromising its operations for financial gains, ByteDance might opt to shut down TikTok in the US, especially if faced with unfavorable terms.

**Strategic Considerations**:

While a ban could allow TikTok to re-enter the market later, a sale would present a more definitive outcome. However, any deal must address crucial aspects such as TikTok's recommendation algorithm, which is integral to its success.

**Algorithm's Significance**:

The recommendation engine, powered by AI, plays a pivotal role in TikTok's content delivery strategy. Any potential buyer would likely insist on acquiring this proprietary technology, as it directly influences user engagement and retention.

**Complexities of a Sale**:

Selling TikTok without its algorithm may not assuage regulatory concerns or attract suitable buyers. Replicating such a sophisticated algorithm is challenging, particularly given the data-rich environment and advanced AI capabilities in China.

**Regulatory Hurdles**:

A US-owned TikTok post-sale raises questions about content moderation, data privacy, and international interactions. Ensuring compliance with global regulations and mitigating geopolitical tensions would be paramount for any prospective buyer.

**Future Uncertainties**:

The fate of TikTok's US operations remains uncertain amid regulatory pressures and geopolitical complexities. The potential sale of TikTok reflects broader concerns about tech governance, competition laws, and data sovereignty in the digital age.

Inspiring Graduate 2024| Monica Etsitty-Dorame

 **Inspiration from Diné Culture**:

Monica Etsitty-Dorame's journey to becoming an inspiring graduate is not just about academic achievements but also rooted deeply in her Diné culture and personal resilience.

1. **Cultural Foundation**:
Monica's upbringing in the Diné culture instilled in her the values of tenacity and self-reliance. The saying "T'áá hó'ájitéégóó, t'éiyá" reflects her belief that individuals are responsible for their own changes and successes. This cultural ethos has been a guiding principle in her life, shaping her determination to overcome challenges and pursue her goals.

2. **Academic Excellence**:
Despite facing obstacles along the way, Monica's persistence, hard work, and discipline have been instrumental in her academic journey. As the Library Operations Manager at the College of University Libraries & Learning Sciences (CULLS), she has dedicated herself to learning and growth, culminating in her pursuit of a Doctorate in Philosophy in Organization, Information, and Learning Sciences (OILS).

3. **Clan Connections**:
Monica's connection to her Diné clans, including the Edge of Water clan, Big Water clan, One Walks Around clan, and Red Running Into the Water People clan, runs deep. These familial ties have provided her with a strong support network and cultural identity that fuel her ambitions and resilience.

4. **Dissertation Dedication**:
Her dissertation focusing on Native women's contributions underscores her commitment to honoring and preserving her cultural heritage. Through her academic work, Monica seeks to shed light on the invaluable role of Native women in shaping history and society.

5. **Family Support**:
Monica acknowledges the pivotal role of her family, especially the women who have been pillars of strength and inspiration. From her great-grandmother and grandmother's resilience to her mother's unwavering support, Monica's journey is a testament to the power of family and community in fostering personal growth and achievement.

Dorame and her husband, Doug

Monica Etsitty-Dorame's story exemplifies the intersection of cultural pride, academic excellence, and familial support. Her journey serves as a beacon of inspiration for individuals striving to overcome obstacles and achieve their aspirations, fueled by a deep-rooted connection to their heritage and the strength of their support system.

**A Visionary Journey**:

Monica Etsitty-Dorame's path to academic success and personal growth is a testament to her resilience, determination, and unwavering commitment to her goals.

1. **Early Aspirations**:
Monica's journey began with a spark of curiosity and ambition ignited in her sixth-grade classroom. Despite not fully understanding the concept of a doctorate degree at the time, she knew that higher education was her path to achieving her dreams. The speaker's words about the importance of education resonated deeply with her, setting her on a trajectory towards academic excellence.

2. **Navigating Challenges**:
Transitioning into higher education wasn't without its challenges for Monica. Language barriers and struggles with writing initially posed hurdles in her academic journey. Despite facing setbacks and encountering difficulties, Monica remained determined to overcome these obstacles and pursue her educational aspirations.

3. **Finding Academic Fulfillment**:
A pivotal moment came when Monica crossed paths with an English professor who recognized her potential and provided the guidance she needed to excel. This transformative experience marked a turning point in her academic life, instilling her with confidence and fueling her passion for learning.

4. **A Journey of Achievements**:
Over the years, Monica's dedication and perseverance led her to achieve remarkable milestones. From earning her bachelor's and master's degrees to embarking on the challenging yet rewarding path to a Ph.D., Monica's academic journey reflects her unwavering commitment to personal and intellectual growth.

5. **A Legacy of Resilience**:
Monica's journey is intertwined with the legacy of resilience passed down through generations. Her mother's tenacity and perseverance in pursuing a career in healthcare mirror Monica's own determination to overcome obstacles and achieve her goals. Their shared experiences of navigating challenges and seizing opportunities serve as a testament to the power of perseverance and the pursuit of excellence.

Monica Etsitty-Dorame's story is not just about academic achievements but also about the strength of the human spirit, the importance of perseverance, and the transformative impact of education. Her journey inspires others to embrace challenges, pursue their passions, and strive for greatness against all odds.

**Dedication to Excellence**:

Monica Etsitty-Dorame's journey at the University of New Mexico (UNM) is not just a tale of academic achievement but also a testament to dedication, perseverance, and a deep-rooted love for learning. Let's delve into her remarkable story:

1. **A Journey of Progression**:
Monica's journey at UNM began as a student employee at Parish Memorial Library, marking the initial steps of her career in the realm of libraries and information. Over the years, she progressed through various roles, showcasing her dedication and commitment to her work. From Centennial Library to Zimmerman Library, Monica's journey was marked by continuous growth and advancement, culminating in her current role as the library operations manager of government information.

Dorame's family: Dinee, Doug and Nena

2. **A Home Away from Home**:
For Monica, Zimmerman Library is more than just a workplace—it's a second home where she has spent countless hours dedicated to her studies, research, and professional responsibilities. Her deep connection to the library is evident in her unwavering presence and dedication, making her an integral part of its vibrant ecosystem.

3. **Nurturing Future Leaders**:
Monica's passion for knowledge extends beyond her own pursuits to nurturing the intellectual curiosity of her daughters, Dinée and Nena. She instilled in them the importance of education and guided them in utilizing the resources of the library from a young age. Her efforts bore fruit as both Dinée, a Yale University graduate, and Nena, a Stanford attendee, excelled in their academic journeys, showcasing the impact of Monica's guidance and support.

4. **A Dissertation Rooted in Heritage**:
Monica's doctoral work in Organization, Information, and Learning Sciences (OILS) is a reflection of her deep-seated admiration for Indigenous matriarchy and women leaders in her community. Focused on Native women in leadership roles, her dissertation pays homage to the resilience, wisdom, and strength embodied by these leaders. Through personal interviews and structured pedagogy, Monica laid a path to leadership in higher education and beyond, celebrating the rich heritage and contributions of Native women.

5. **Gratitude and Recognition**:
Monica acknowledges the invaluable support and mentorship she received throughout her academic and professional journey. From her family and colleagues to distinguished professors and mentors, she expresses heartfelt gratitude to those who played pivotal roles in her success. Her dissertation stands as a tribute not only to her heritage but also to the supportive network that propelled her forward.

Monica Etsitty-Dorame's story is a beacon of inspiration, highlighting the transformative power of education, the importance of mentorship, and the enduring legacy of cultural heritage. Her journey underscores the profound impact individuals can have when they combine passion, perseverance, and a deep-rooted commitment to excellence.

**Embracing Achievements and Reflecting on Journeys**:

Monica Etsitty-Dorame's journey to completing her doctorate is not just a story of academic triumph but also a poignant reflection of life's challenges, resilience, and the profound impact of family and heritage. Let's delve into the final chapter of her remarkable journey:

1. **A Journey Filled with Emotion**:
The moment Monica submitted her doctoral work for final consideration marked a culmination of a lifelong dream that began in sixth grade. Overwhelmed with emotion, she knelt down in her office, tears welling in her eyes, as she realized the significance of achieving a goal that had been a constant driving force throughout her life. Despite facing setbacks, including the loss of her beloved Grandma Alice and health challenges, Monica's determination never wavered, highlighting her unwavering spirit and dedication.

Dorame's daughter Nena and Grandma Alice

2. **Honoring Ancestral Legacy**:
Monica's dissertation, rooted in the stories of Native women leaders, is not just an academic pursuit but a heartfelt tribute to the matriarchs in her family, including Grandma Alice and her great-grandmother. Their legacies of strength, resilience, and leadership continue to inspire Monica's journey and serve as guiding lights in her academic and personal endeavors.

3. **Navigating Through Challenges**:
The path to completing her doctorate was not without obstacles. From health issues that postponed her graduation to the intense demands of research and analysis, Monica faced each challenge with fortitude and perseverance. Despite the hardships, her determination to see her goal through remained unwavering.

4. **Looking Ahead with Gratitude**:
As Monica reflects on her journey, she expresses gratitude for the support of her family, mentors, and colleagues who stood by her side during the highs and lows. While she once contemplated pursuing another degree, her current focus is on embracing life's simpler pleasures—exercising, traveling, leisurely reading, and cherishing moments with her loved ones.

5. **Continuing the Legacy**:
Even as Monica celebrates her academic achievement, her commitment to Zimmerman Library remains steadfast. Her presence in the library's basement post-graduation symbolizes not just a place of work but a home where her dreams were nurtured and realized. Monica's journey serves as an inspiration to all who encounter challenges on their paths, reminding us of the power of perseverance, family support, and the fulfillment found in pursuing lifelong dreams.

Monica Etsitty-Dorame's story is a testament to resilience, determination, and the profound impact of honoring one's heritage and aspirations. Her journey serves as a beacon of hope and inspiration, inspiring others to pursue their dreams with unwavering dedication and gratitude for life's blessings.